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Showing The Origin of Species Illustrated (The Illustrated Origin of Species) where title = '05-07 - Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-organised Structures are Variable' order by subject, title, ordinal (2 Rows).

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05 - Laws of Variation

05-07 - Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-organised Structures are Variable

It seems to be a rule, as remarked by the younger Geoffroy, both with varieties and species, that when any part or organ is repeated many times in the same individual (as the vertebrae in snakes, and the stamens in polyandrous flowers) the number is variable; whereas the same part or organ, when it occurs in lesser numbers, is constant.

snake

The same author as well as some botanists have further remarked that multiple parts are extremely liable to vary in structure. As "vegetable repetition," to use Prof. Owen's expression, is a sign of low organisation, the foregoing statements accord with the common opinion of naturalists, that beings which stand low in the scale of nature are more variable than those which are higher.

Richard Owen

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05 - Laws of Variation

05-07 - Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-organised Structures are Variable

I presume that lowness here means that the several parts of the organisation have been but little specialised for particular functions; and as long as the same part has to perform diversified work, we can perhaps see why it should remain variable, that is, why natural selection should not have preserved or rejected each little deviation of form as carefully as when the part has to serve for some one special purpose.

In the same way, a knife which has to cut all sorts of things may be of almost any shape; whilst a tool for some particular-purpose must be of some particular shape.

knife

Natural selection, it should never be forgotten, can act solely through and for the advantage of each being. Rudimentary parts, as it is generally admitted, are apt to be highly variable.

We shall have to recur to this subject; and I will here only add that their variability seems to result from their uselessness, and consequently from natural selection having had no power to check deviations in their structure.

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Statistics and Drill Down Data Mining

subject	#
01 - Variations Under Domestication	22	22
02 - Variations Under Nature	23	45
03 - Struggle for Existence	30	75
04 - Natural Selection	104	179
05 - Laws of Variation	47	226
06 - Difficutiles in Theory	74	300
07 - Instinct	13	313
08 - Hybridism	8	321
09 - On the Imperfection of the Geological Record	7	328
10 - On The Geological Succession of Organic Beings	10	338
11 - Geographical Distribution	6	344
12 - Geographical Distribution -- continued	23	367
13 - Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Or	34	401
14 - Recapitulation and Conclusion	38	439

title	#
01-08 - Breeds of the Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin	1	1
01-09 - Principles of Selection anciently followed, and their Effects	6	7
01-10 - Methodical and Unconscious Selection	5	12
01-11 - Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions	5	17
01-12 - Circumstances favourable to Man's Power of Selection	3	20
01-13 - Summary	2	22
02-01 - Variability	2	24
02-02 - Individual Differences	2	26
02-03 - Doubtful Species	10	36
02-04 - Wide-ranging, much diffused, and common Species vary most	3	39
02-05 - Species of the Larger Genera in each Country vary more frequently than the Species of the Smaller Genera	2	41
02-06 - Many of the Species included within the Larger Genera resemble Varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges	2	43
02-07 - Summary	2	45
03-01 - Bears on Natural Selection	2	47
03-02 - The Term, Struggle for Existence, used in a large sense	2	49
03-03 - Geometrical Ratio of Increase	2	51
03-04 - Rapid Increase of naturalised Animals and Plants	3	54
03-05 - Nature of the Checks to Increase	2	56
03-06 - Competition Universal	2	58
03-07 - Effects of Climate	2	60
03-08 - Protection from the Number of Individuals	2	62
03-09 - Complex Relations of all Animals and Plants Throughout Nature	5	67
03-10 - Struggle for Life most severe between Individuals and Varieties of the same Species	2	69
03-11 - The Relation of Organism to Organism the Most Important of All Relations	4	73
03-12 - Summary	2	75
04-01 - Natural Selection	5	80
04-02 - Its Power Compared with Man's Selection	2	82
04-03 - Its Power on Characters of Trifling Importance	2	84
04-04 - Its Power at All Ages and on Both Sexes	2	86
04-05 - Sexual Selection	2	88
04-06 - On the generality of Intercross Between Individuals of the Same Species	9	97
04-07 - Illustrations of the Action of Natural Selection:	10	107
04-08 - On the Intercrossing of Individuals	8	115
04-09 - Circumstances favourable for the production of new forms through Natural Selection	12	127
04-10 - Extinction caused by Natural Selection	3	130
04-11 - Divergence of Character	26	156
04-12 - On the Degree to which Organisation tends to advance	11	167
04-13 - Convergence of Character	8	175
04-14 - Summary of Chapter	4	179
05-01 - Effects of External Conditions	2	181
05-02 - Use and Disuse of Parts, combined with Natural Selection, Organs of Flight and Vision	7	188
05-03 - Acclimatisation	4	192
05-04 - Correlation of Growth	5	197
05-05 - Compensation and Economy of Growth	2	199
05-06 - False Correlation	1	200
05-07 - Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-organised Structures are Variable	2	202
05-08 - Parts Developed in an Unusual Manner are Highly Variable	5	207
05-09 - Specific Characters more Variable than Generic Characters	2	209
05-10 - Secondary Sexual Characters Variable	3	212
05-11 - Species of the Same Genus Vary in an Analogous Manner	2	214
05-12 - Reversion to Long Lost Characters	10	224
05-13 - Summary	2	226
06-01 - Difficulties on the Theory of Descent with Modification	5	231
06-02 - Transitions	2	233
06-03 - Absence or Rarity of Transitional Varieties	10	243
06-04 - Transitions in Habits of Life	7	250
06-05 - Diversified Habits in the Same Species	2	252
06-06 - Species with Habits Widely Diffferent from those of their Allies	3	255
06-07 - Organs of extreme Perfection	5	260
06-08 - Means of Transition	6	266
06-09 - Cases of Difficulty	5	271
06-10 - Natura Non Facit Saltum	2	273
06-11 - Organs of Small Importance	6	279
06-12 - Organs not in all Cases Absolutely Perfect	13	292
06-13 - Summary: The Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence Embraced by the Theory of Natural Selection	8	300
07-01 - Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin	2	302
07-02 - Instincts Graduated	2	304
07-03 - Aphides and ants	1	305
07-04 - Instincts variable	1	306
07-05 - Domestic instincts, their origin	1	307
07-06 - Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees	1	308
07-07 - Slave-making ants	1	309
07-08 - Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct	1	310
07-09 - Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts	1	311
07-10 - Neuter or sterile insects	1	312
07-11 - Summary	1	313
08-01 - Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids	1	314
08-03 - Laws governing the sterility of hybrids	1	315
08-04 - Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences	1	316
08-05 - Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids	1	317
08-06 - Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life and crossing	1	318
08-07 - Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal	1	319
08-08 - Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility	1	320
08-09 - Summary	1	321
09-01 -On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day	1	322
09-02 - On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their number	1	323
09-03 - On the vast lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and of denudation	1	324
09-04 - On the poorness of our palaeontological collections	1	325
09-05 - On the intermittence of geological formations	1	326
09-06 - On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation	1	327
09-07 - On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata	1	328
10-01 - On the slow and successive appearance of new species	1	329
10-02 - On their different rates of change	1	330
10-03 - Species once lost do not reappear	1	331
10-04 - Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species	1	332
10-05 - On Extinction	1	333
10-06 - On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world	1	334
10-07 - On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species	1	335
10-08 - On the state of development of ancient forms	1	336
10-09 - On the succession of the same types within the same areas	1	337
10-10 - Summary of preceding and present chapters	1	338
11-01 - Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions	1	339
11-02 - Importance of barriers	1	340
11-03 - Affinity of the productions of the same continent	1	341
11-04 - Centres of creation	1	342
11-05 - Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means	1	343
11-06 - Dispersal during the Glacial period co-extensive with the world	1	344
12-10 - Distribution of fresh-water productions	1	345
12-20 - On the inhabitants of oceanic islands	1	346
12-30 - Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals	4	350
12-40 - On the relations of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland	2	352
12-50 - On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification	11	363
12-60 - Summary of the last and present chapters	4	367
13-01 - CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups	1	368
13-02 - Natural system	1	369
13-03 - Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification	13	382
13-04 - Classification of varieties	1	383
13-05 - Descent always used in classification	6	389
13-06 - Analogical or adaptive characters	2	391
13-07 - Affinities, general, complex and radiating	2	393
13-08 - Extinction separates and defines groups	4	397
13-09 - MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual	1	398
13-10 - EMBRYOLOGY, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age	1	399
13-11 - RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin explained	1	400
13-12 - Summary	1	401
14-01 - Recapitulation of the difficulties on the theory of Natural Selection	7	408
14-02 - Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour	10	418
14-03 - Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species	13	431
14-04 - How far the theory of natural selection may be extended	1	432
14-05 - Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural history	5	437
14-06 - Concluding remarks	2	439
wolfs	1	440

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